COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF HOPS AND SOME POTENTIAL NIGERIAN SUBSTITUTES IN BEER BREWING
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- NGN 3000
BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Plants are important to our everyday life. They provide us with food, produce oxygen that we breath and serve as raw material for many industrial products such as clothings, foot wears, building materials and in the manufacture of biofuels, dyes, perfumes, pesticides, drugs, beverages and preservatives. From medieval times, herbs have been used to flavour and preserve fermented malt liquors but only hop inflorescence is used on a commercial scale today. The hop plant is grown in the temperate regions of the world, solely to meet the demands of the brewing industry (Hough, et al., 1982). Hop extracts contribute to beer foam stability and also provide hop flavour, hop character and preservative properties to the beer (Laws, 1981). The Webster’s Dictionary defines beer as an alcoholic drink made from yeast fermented malt, flavoured with hops. Beer production worldwide is a viable industry. Among commercial beverages in 2006, beer ranks fourth in per capita consumption behind carbonated soft drinks, bottled water and coffee followed by milk and fruit drinks in the United States of America. Per capita beer consumption rose rapidly during the second world-war, declined during the 1950s and early 1960s, increased before peaking in the early 1980s and has generally leveled-off thereafter (Goldamer, 2008). 2 A similar trend is reported of the beer industry in Nigeria by Badmus (2013) who observed that the Nigerian beer industry is a very vital component of Nigeria’s non-oil sector and has largely contributed to economic growth in recent times. This can be attributed to the country’s favourable demographics with populous and vibrant youth and growing middle class. This, along with a growing, largely youth population with increased disposable incomes is the constant drive that increased beer consumption in Nigeria. Even as Western beer consumption slows down due to the global economic downturn, Nigeria’s beer industry continues to thrive. The country has the second largest beer market in Africa, after South Africa and with the largest population in Africa, a growing middle class and a large number of drinking beer age, the brewing multinationals are struggling for a position in a market that shows plenty of room for expansion. Indeed, beer drinking has been steadily increasing in recent decades even in countries where alcoholic beverages are not traditional. Hence, beer has become an international drink, especially among young people (Svenden and Lund, 2000). Despite the fact that Islamic Sharia law bans the sale and consumption of alcohol in some of Nigeria’s Northern states, consumers continue to find means of buying beer. Alcohol in the Northern States is sold in Military facilities, which are federal territory and thus not subject to state laws (Badmus, 2013). 3 Beer production in Nigeria has increased recently due to ready markets. This assertion is expressed by the annual consumption rate of beer in Nigeria as shown in Table 1.1. Hence, the importation of hops to meet the demand of the brewing industries continues to constitute a significant proportion of the Nigerian economy.
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